The most popular cars in Russia.

Sales of new cars in Russia rose by more than half - 56%. Total sold one million 235 thousand units, down 441,959 units more than a year earlier. These are the findings automakers Committee of the Association of European Businesses in the first half of 2011. At the same time in June, sold 246,429 vehicles (40% over the same month last year). The growth is there, but the pace of its decline from month to month, despite the fact that the recycling program was extended for another, and in January-June this year. However, the AEB has not dramatize the situation. "Growth of 56% in the first half of 2011 demonstrates that the Russian market finally stabilized. These values ​​exceed our latest forecast 2.35 million cars sold annually. Sales in June 2011 increased by 40% compared to the same period last year. It would seem that growth is slowing, but we must not forget that the second half of this year, we will compare with the beginning of the recovery period in 2010. As soon as we analyze the results, we present the adjusted forecast until the end of 2011, "- said the chairman of the AEB Automobile Manufacturers Committee David Thomas. What kind of cars used by the greatest demand? Naturally, the leaders of AvtoVAZ's products. The most popular car in Russia has become a family of Lada Kalina (72,576 units sold), followed by the "classic" (69 500), Priora (68,298) and Samara (53,591). The most popular foreign car in this year remains Renault Logan (41,934 cars). By the way, if a French company to combine data from the sales of Logan soplatformennym hatchback Sandero (19 922 vehicles sold), this family would have surpassed the popularity of an old woman Samara! Buyers in the Logan / Sandero has continued to attract "a lot of car for your money." Let the design is not so hot, but there is a spacious lounge and reliable power units. Logan comes on the heels of Hyundai Solaris (40 351), which in June became the best selling foreign car in our market (10 833). In the Korean sedan has all the chances for the year to become a leader among the cars and move to the leading position VAZ models: in August at a factory in St. Petersburg begins production hatchbacks Solaris, and the third shift is introduced. Ford Focus, despite the quick change of generations (the production of third generation Vsevolozhsk starts in a month), does not hand over the position - in the January-June, sold 38,438 hatchbacks, sedans and station wagons, in June, Focus walked in popularity, even Logan - 9156. At the high sales certainly influenced a variety of events, which the company has arranged to output to market a new generation - buy a second Focus can now be at a significant discount (and, for many important, do not stand in the semi-queue). The old woman Nexia, leaving their roots in the 70s of last century, too, kept a stiff upper lip - 26,097 units sold. Let sit behind the wheel is inconvenient, an old power plant, but the price is very attractive, even compared to more "popular" sedans. Average sale and KIA Rio (24 455, which is almost two times more than a year earlier). Spacious, unpretentious Korean car pleases not only the affordable price, but also rich enough equipment. The new Opel Astra and looks good, and so there is no queuing, and prices are not really bite. The result - 21,868 vehicles sold in the first half of 4701 and in June. Those who do not have enough money on the Solaris or Polo Sedan, but who does not want to buy an angular Logan, choose Lacetti (20 299 pcs.) - A large, roomy vehicle, albeit an outdated design. Volkswagen did not disclose specific sales of sedans Polo, bringing them together with the amount of hatchbacks, which are imported into Russia. Total sold more than 20 thousand cars, and, according to our data, the share of the sedan has a total of more than 80%, and hatchbacks are popular only in certain major cities such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara and Nizhny Novgorod. Daewoo Matiz little younger than her older "sisters» Nexia, but still remains popular (19 030 pcs.). This pop-eyed avtomobilchik often bought as a first for a girl he has a great quality for a large city - the compact, and on the "vseprolaznosti" often argues with the "Oka." Average sold and Chevrolet Aveo (which is slightly younger than Lacetti) - 18,094 car. Most often buy sedans, hatchbacks and even enjoy a good demand. But the Skoda Octavia after the cessation of the production version of the Tour is not yet able to break even in the top 15 - 17 944 cars. Octavia A5 - a beautiful, modern, spacious and practical car, but its prices are quite high.

Veteran cars: Moskvich 404 Sport

Moskvich-404-Sport - the sports car, designed by IA Gladilin and built in 1954 in a single copy on the basis of units and aggregates production model, "-401".

In 1953, the championship of the USSR took part "Moskvich" with serial body "420" and an experienced model engine "404". Preceded by the engine (it does not have its own index) appeared in 1950 and had a so-called mixed arrangement of valves (upper - intake, lower - final). Later, in 1952, was created a different design, has verhneklapannogo engine, which was based on the cylinder block car "Moskvich-400". It was this engine has been assigned code "404".


Engine "404", with a working volume of 1074 cu. cm, the power developed 38 hp at 4200 rev / min. To participate in sports on the engine carburetor had four - one for each cylinder. Engine power increased from 38 to 55 liters. with. but with such a powerful engine of the old "Moskvich" proved difficult to manage, so in the spring of 1954 appeared in the competition "Moskvich-404-Sport" (you can also find the notation "Moskvich-Sport"), with a low center of gravity and enhancing properties manageability.

The car was designed by IA Gladilin and built in a single copy in the base units and sets the serial "Moskvich-401-420." At the bottom of the serial carrying the body with sub-frame spars installed an open body of double steel sheet. From the basic machine with virtually no changes were taken as the suspension front and rear wheels, brakes, steering, gearbox and clutch. Also in 1954, "Moskvich-404-Sport" by L. Givartovsky and Veselov became the silver medalist of the USSR, in 1955. Prokhorov and J. Kroll took third place, but because of the small number of participants in this race has not received the status of the USSR championship.

In 1957 the car was forced pre-production engine in the "Moskvich-407", which had four carburetor and modified exhaust system. In 1959 he was still an upgrade, which included the installation of a four-gear, tires, size reduction and security of the arc (right).

In 1957-1959 racers, who spoke on "Moskvich-404-Sports", won three consecutive championships of the USSR: in 1957 - E. E. Tsyplakov spindles and, in 1958 - Terekhin and Y. Fedotov, 1959 - Terekhin and V. Kochetkov.

In 1960-1961, the "Moskvich-404-Sport" in the race, apparently, did not participate because the leadership of the laboratory performance cars MZMA considered unacceptable the continued application of the race series front suspension like "Dubon". In late 1961 - early 1962 by racer Smirnov was replaced on the front suspension spring from the series model "Moskvich-407". Also the car has hypoid rear axle and 13-inch tires. In this modification the "Moskvich-404-Sport" was involved in circuit racing and hippodrome to 1964 inclusive. In 1965 the car was written off.

Car Moskvich 403

Moskvich-403 car was a transitional model of Moskvich-407 Moskvich-408 to and produced from 1963 to 1965 in parallel with them. The car came with a body and engine from Moskvich-407, and the front suspension, steering, brakes from the perspective of Moskvich-408. The brake pedal and clutch were suspended, and the clutch was hydraulic. Moskvich-403 car washer and the wheel was a new form that later was placed on models 408, 412 and their modifications, as well as at the Izhevsk machine. The only external difference between the models of Moskvich-403 Moskvich-407, and consisted of tail lights in chrome housing.
Prior to June 1965 105 723 MZMA released various versions of sedans. Also produced modification of the "M-403YU" for the southern climate, and "M-403E" export.

Moskvitch 403

Specifications:
length - 4040mm, width - 1540mm, height - 1540mm, base - 2380mm;
Curb weight - 980kg;
engine:
R4 volume 1358 cc and a power 45l.s. at 4500 rev / min;
Maximum speed - 115 km / h;
valve gear - OHV;
number of gears - 4;
Tire size - 5.60 - 15 ";

Moskvich 402

Moskvich-402 - Soviet passenger small car, manufactured at the Moscow plant of small cars (MZMA) from 1956 to 1958.

All were released 87 658 "Moskvich-402", together with modifications.

Moskvich-407 - an improved version with an upgraded engine and improved verhneklapannym finish, produced from May 1958 to 1963.

Moskvich-403 - "transitional" model, combining body and engine, "Moskvich-407" with some sites and aggregates of perspective "Moskvich-408" and are available from December 1962 to July 1965.


History of the Edit

Preceded by "Moskvich-402", manufactured from late 1946 "Moskvich-400 / 401," was a reconstituted on the basis of the Soviet Union as reparations remains of equipment and production documentation pre-war Opel Kadett K38, designed by the mid-thirties and was in the series since 1937.

In Germany, its production after the war resumed was not, but from 1947 to 1953 (with the modernization in 1949) produced a more advanced model of the same family - Opel Olimpia, with the same body, but more modern and powerful verhneklapannym engine (1488 cm ³, 37 hp).

Thus, the first model of "Moskvich", even taking into account held by the Soviet side of modernization over the issue - increasing the capacity of the engine, install the transmission with gearshift lever instead of the floor and other improvements - and the technical level of performance is initially inferior to its German post-war " cousin, "" Olympia, "which in itself even in those days was by no means good.

Yes, and purely visual conservative pre-war car with a body by the end of the forties looked far better, not only against the background of new foreign models, but also in comparison with the much more advanced Soviet "Pobeda" GAZ-M-20.

Therefore, in 1950, work began on a new car with a "pontoon" body, which was in line with the those years in order ZMA range model designation "402-425" - the engine of the model "402" in the back of the model "425".

Subsequently, for the base sedan "Moskvich-402" designation was used only in the body of the design documentation, but its modification - the universal M-423 and four-wheel drive versions of the M-410 and M-411 - it is termed by the notation of their bodies.

Chief designer was Alexander F. Andronov. He managed to organize a relatively small group of works to create a radically new design of the car than was in the production of "Moskvich-400 / 401" - the previous model, it has retained, and then in modified form, only the engine, gearbox and rear axle gearbox.

Due to the lack of experience of the plant staff in the design of the vehicle is actively involved members of groups other automakers USSR. With the Gorky plant were invited BD Kirsanov, L. Belkin, M. Germans, Zisa - IA Gladilin, SD Churazov, A. Zheryadin, KI Faibisovich. In addition, Moscow motorcycle factory in the ZMA engine turned designer Igor Okunev.

The participation of experts from the GAZ-and had a strong influence on projecting the car, and given the fact that at the same time on a GAZ-e were in full swing development and production preparation of a new model of the middle class - the "Volga" GAZ-21 - does not seem surprising that the "Moskvich" borrowed from it many elements of its design. This visual similarity as it emphasized that the Soviet road to a new generation of cars.

The first prototypes of the new "Moskvich" were ready in 1951.

To view samples of foreign automotive joint and comparative testing as the design and refinement were purchased ZMA production models of foreign cars - Italian Fiat-1100 (1953-1962) and Lancia Aurelia (1950-1958), French Simca Aronde (1951-64) and Citroen 2CV (1948-1990), English Hillman Minx (1948-1956), Ford Consul (1951-1956) and Jovett Javelin (1947-1953), German Ford Taunus 12M (1952-1962) - part of which is embodied in a joint photo with serial and experienced "Moskvich" during one of the test runs. Of course, none of them was used as a prototype in the "pure" form, but their design is largely helped to choose one or another style and technical solutions for original design which had completely and design the new model "Moskvich".

Developed by drawing on the Gorky Automobile Plant (if not the only country in those years, which had its own power for the production of molds) have been made stamps. Stamped on them from the test panels in the process of refinement were collected seven prototypes "402-425", differing details of design - in particular, the shape of the gutter and roof fabrication technologies (some were part of "drain" on the windshield, like a GAZ-21 ) and grille (in particular, one of the options very much like that facing, which went into production, "Volga" - "a star", with the difference that the "Moskvich" star itself was absent, and the "mustache" above the central timbers was one instead of two at the GAZ-21).

One of three experienced "Moskvich-402", passed the state tests in February 1955, was exhibited at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements.

The first instance of the serial was released on April 20, 1956.

Thus, the pace of development and mass development of the model were quite high, especially given the very limited capacity of the MZMA - as already noted, even dies for body manufacturing had to outside companies.

The car was quite modern in appearance, structurally more rigid - and therefore more durable, much more spacious - in relative comfort housed five people - and comfortable inside than its predecessor body. He had a single trunk, which can be accessed from outside the car, not inside, as the M-400 / 401, and the lid had a remote drive on the lever in the cabin, curved windshield and rear glass, a high level of interior finish, was equipped with a heater protivoobledenitelem with windshield (previous model had a heater), flashing turn signals with self-resetting (M-400 / 401 povrotnikov from the factory did not have), radio (not often met in the base even on foreign cars in this class). The design was relatively straightforward and utilitarian, but at that time quite modern.

The new "Moskvich" was an independent front suspension besshkvornevuyu with double wishbones pivot instead of the independent podveki like "Dubon" from M-400 / 401 with trailing arms, 15-inch rim wheels instead of 16-inch, drum brakes with floating pads, 12-volt instead of the outdated electrical and moody 6-volt power from the M-400 / 401, for the first time in the country - telescopic shock absorbers.

Rear axle with gears and a three-stage negipoidnymi gearbox at this stage were inherited from the previous model, but the box was an extension, allowing shortened driveshaft and reduce vibration.

The main drawback of "402-D" model has inherited from its predecessor is weak, outdated nizhneklapanny engine, whose design dates back to mid-thirties. It had increased to 1220 cm ³ cubic capacity and power of 35 hp, which is not possible to directly compete with the best foreign models in this class that occurred in the years up to 35-40 hp specific engine on a ton of weight versus 22.7 in the M-402.

The development is built on a fundamentally new MZMA verhneklapannogo engine with hemispherical combustion chambers and an aluminum cylinder block (the project "406") did not take place for economic reasons (there was no exchange of funds for the purchase of overseas machinery equipment needed), and went into a series of engine M-407, which was based on the engine block of the same power unit "Kadetta" and M-400 / 401, but with a larger displacement, the aluminum cylinder head with overhead valves and other improvements to increase capacity to 45 hp in the working volume of 1358 cm ³. He could be manufactured on the available machine tools.

Upgraded car with this engine was designated the "Moskvich-407" and was produced from May 1958. In addition to the engine, he was distinguished as external decoration (for example, appeared on the side of molding) and some other details. In December of that year came and a new four-gearbox.

Series production of "Moskvich-402" was also curtailed in May 1958.

Moskvitch 401 - Russian retro car

Cars "Moskvitch" models 400 and 401 are most attractive to novice restorers. Archaic appearance, the outer wings, bubbles, hood with the central longitudinal vertical loop and a rear spare wheel makes them much with cars 30s of last century. Moreover, "Moskvitch" was virtually a copy of the German Opel Kadett to 38. Although conventional wisdom is that the machine produced by removed from the defeated Germany hardware is only partially true. All the body dies, - the most complex equipment in manufacturing - have been produced domestically. It got to the ridiculous - even copied proshtampovki floor made by the Germans "in reserve" for transfer to the other side of the muffler, the transition to production of other engine, which remained in the project. In the early machines often have to meet parts (wheels, rubber, etc.) with the "enemy" logo.
For the uninitiated: Available from 1946 to 1954 model 400 and replaced it 401-I (1954-1956), virtually indistinguishable, but this is not true. Below, we outline these differences, the erased to the same time, the efforts of the owners.
In principle, the "Moskvitch" 400 and 401 there is still a very, very much, but there are practically no cars in the original komplektatsii.Zabota engineers on consumers, as expressed in a remarkable unification of components and assemblies with subsequent models did their dirty work. Book publishing "Transportation" - "The interchangeability of units of cars" Moskvitch ", reprinted as many as four times, became a desktop tool for corrupt machine for several generations of motorists.
Kind of slouching body profile "sedan", who bore the index 420, and gave the cars nicknames "Hottabych" and "Elephant" is familiar to almost all, but still, stopping in the street every time there a lot of emotions and issues, including the most common: "This is a" Victory "?" and "By how many rides?". Surprise a connoisseur of "saloon" is difficult enough, but among the mass of products come across rare specimens. Car with a body model 420A (1949-1952gg.) - "Convertible" with a retractable soft-top and 422 (1948-1956 years) - a wooden box remained insignificant. The fact that both bodies had weakened and even design their circulation was small. Considered a common gain metal roofs convertibles, admitting cracks in the joints of the longitudinal edges with the body, and not all suited rag over his head ... Vans, which had bearing floor, richly laden with pieces of wood, and did we calculated a short period of operation, when the machines wear out, they passed on to schools in avtoklassy, ​​where students learned about them on the device, the vehicle.
Gigs in Moscow there are only pieces of seven, most of them strangers profaned aggregates, and vans - two, one of which belongs to the author of these lines.
There were also several varieties of body, build several plants in the MZMA Launched (Moscow factory of small cars) chassis. Basically it is all-metal vans and pickup trucks to transport airfield starter whose aircraft engines. A pair of pickup trucks has reached our days, one of them is in the Monino museum exhibition, but the vans are extinct.
Reliability of "Elephants" knows no boundaries. Many cars that are in constant use, still have "native" units. As an example, an anniversary, released to the 800th anniversary of Moscow, "Moskvitch-400" (chassis number 106, body number 110, vol. № 127), owned by collector Yegor Karpun, well. All my life UAZovsky drag heavy trailer, the car has not been even a major overhaul of the engine.
Body strength is surprising. Not so long ago rotten "Moskvitch-401" with four passengers had jumped into the throw off the oncoming lane, "Skoda" high overpass at Highway held in, where it crashed, "Audi". In foreign cars - a few dead bodies, all four passengers. "Moskvitch" - are still alive, only in 80-year-old passenger suffered a broken leg.
The beauty of the body that it is easy to disassemble, so the small details, but with the "Lada" do not compare. Bolting can quickly remove the hood, fenders and grille with headlights for replacement or repair. Attaching the front frame, consisting of rails, mud flaps and struts, which are installed front axle and the power unit was bolted. Go on the 401 model was marked increase in the number of connection points with the front shield of the body for up to six, two and go against the original appearance of the triangular kerchiefs. But today, almost all surviving, cars already welded frame. Seldom caught specimens with intact longitudinal cross-bar.

Russian Vezdekhod GAZ M-72

M-72 all-terrain vehicle
GAZ M-72 "... Tourist Caravan" from Moscow to Vladivostok, "organized by the Central Motor Club. But its members do not just want to get acquainted with the eastern regions of his native country, each one has its own creative plans and objectives. Writer Victor Urin intends to create a book of travel essays, and poems about the people leading the Sixth Five-Year Plan. Igor Tikhomirov removes color documentary film "In the Footsteps of the Motherland," which will be his thesis work. People do not just overcome the road space, I stop them in the city, farms, MTS, talking with people familiar with the local attractions ... From Omsk "Victory" with an expressive sign "Moscow - Vladivostok" will go on the route Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Baikal, along the Amur River through Khabarovsk to Vladivostok. Vladivostok car should arrive November 7 ... "
/ Omsk However, in 1956 /

The car, in which three travelers have decided to go to the rally was so dangerous GAZ M-72.
Minister of automotive Strokin personally ordered them to sell out of turn is very scarce in those days a car that is less than a year ago began producing GAZ. He also gave a written instruction to all subordinate organizations to carry out without delay Minavtoproma necessary repairs and maintenance of the vehicle. In minneftehime gave a paper on the smooth filling machines for the whole route. General Command of Mapping has issued a set of maps. Central automotor helped with the purchase of sports equipment. The money has given the Union of Soviet Writers - as an advance for not writing a book.
So adventure of three young people became a reality and soon completely failed. Two years later a book, then read that many. In cinemas twisted documentary on the run, about the movie he wrote, "Soviet Screen". Travel notes printed magazine, "Behind the wheel."
All the way from the capital to the Pacific car broke down three times. Went where everyone else skidded vehicles. And it's those days when prehistoric road is worth a lot!

What was of itself this wonderful car - GAZ M-72? She gathered in Gorky in 1955. The national economy then experienced the need for a car that could combine the best qualities of a jeep (or rather all-terrain vehicle, jeep or SUV words in those days did not know) and city car. Of course, the best solution would be a special development, but, as always, the most practical output was a compromise. They became a hybrid of a GAZ-69 and Victory.

The leading designer of machinery appointed Gregory Moiseevich Wasserman and his associates were among AI Gore, AI Chernomashentsev, OI Pelyushenko, SG Zislin, NT Mozohin, Vladimir Solovyev, and other. Wasserman had the experience of a four-wheel drive vehicles: a GAZ-69 was created under his leadership. Not surprisingly, the sites and mechanisms of a spring suspension, all-wheel drive transmissions have been borrowed from the GAZ-69. But the jeep was a frame, and the victory had a monocoque body. Faced a difficult, even by modern standards, work on strengthening the body. The more complex that the body of the Victory at the outset was neravnoprochnym. That's when the plane experiencing the destructive overload engineers prochnistam issue premium, if the structure collapses at 98% of rated load. In contrast, punished, if at 102%. That's because strengthen weak spot is relatively easy. But too strong, the design has to recalculate peretyazhelennuyu all over again, because do not know exactly where the excess metal, heavier aircraft. Much the same happened with Victory: weaknesses strengthened, but the count and to facilitate her certainly did not, did not air the weight culture. On the job of designing M-72 all out just three days.

M-72, 70kb
M-72, 106kb
In addition to strengthening the weaknesses car, it was necessary to increase the clearance of the road to the body floor, that is to raise the body. To this end, it was decided not to install rear springs under the rear axle beam, as in the M-20, and above it. In this body up to 150 mm. When they lifted the body, between it and the wheels were formed cracks. They covered their rear panels, and reduce the depth of cut in front of the wings. Instead of the front independent suspension on coil springs front springs set. But how to place their attachment without altering the body? Wasserman helped find: he proposed rear ends of the springs inside the rails podmotornogo subframe, excluding these places the bottom shelf. To compensate for this attenuation, the amplifier quickly to the top of the spar. Thus, the design of the front springs were designed specifically for the new all-terrain vehicle, while the rear used by Victory. The rear suspension used M-72 anti-roll bar. Victory has a similar device is installed in the front suspension and a GAZ-69 had no stabilizers at all.
When placing the transfer case had to abandon the cross-box amplifier underbody, as well as the longitudinal amplifier - closed driveline tunnel, which was characterized by the body of the Victory. To compensate for not having any of these security elements, as well as increase the longitudinal and transverse rigidity of the body as a whole in its construction was introduced 14 additional amplifiers floor spar racks and roof. Particular attention is paid to strut frame - Victory weakest spot.

Body GAZ M-72 and the decisive role played by the new technique of measuring the actual strain on the body by means of wire gauges. They found dozens of points of gender and the body of M-20, ottarirovali and took measurements at the stand as well as during the movement. The work led by the head of a new laboratory measurements of electron AY Tarasov. So have been identified as weak and strong places, the whole picture became clear stress on the body, including after you enter the cut, and after amplification.
Then deputy chief designer of AI-bodies Gore has determined how to strengthen the floor and the body in the right places, and this was quickly done in the design and prototype. When tested on the stand rigidity M-72 was not only lower than that of M-20 but increased at a bend at 30 percent and torsional - 50 percent. This has created a reserve for high stress on the roads.
Despite the strengthening of the body and the introduction of additional units, vehicle weight increased only by 300 kg. Do not forget about the corrosion resistance - to protect the body was introduced phosphate coating.



Engines M-20 and GAZ-69
capacity jets, cm3/min
Jets \ K-22A Carburetor K-22E K-22e
Chief 200 315 220
compensation 220 225 280
Idle 52 52 52
The engine of the new car, unlike the Victory engine, got the cylinder head with higher compression ratio - 6.5 vs. 6.2, designed for petrol A-72 instead of A-66. Increasing the compression ratio, change jet carburetor and intake system improvements to increase in torque at high revs and more power to 55 hp In the oil system included an oil cooler. Oil in a fall from coarse filter, and cooled in the radiator, flowed into the oil pipe. Oil cooler can be switched off special tap. Given the characteristics of operation of all-terrain vehicle - the possibility of a prolonged low-speed driving on low gear in heavy traffic conditions, it was decided to use shestilopastny fan and heatsink on the increased volume of 2 liters. Since the radiator outlet on the side, and had to change the thermostat housing.
To reduce the transfusion of fuel through the main jet nebulizer in gradeability and stronger shaking the car float mechanism carburetor needle valve equipped with a spring and an additional thrust rod. This carburetor is set to the time on all passenger all-terrain vehicles GAZ, has received the designation of K-22e.

On the mashie used the same gearbox with a lever on the steering column, as in most Wins (GAZ-69 had a control lever on the floor of the cabin CAT). At transmissions M-72 was not only a speedometer drive gear, which was placed on the secondary shaft razdatki.
Of GAZ-69 car was just a new transfer case. Because the unit had no direct transmission (upper transmission gear ratio was 1.15), the maximum speed M-72 was lower than that of Victory.
Front spring M-72
front axle and suspension M-72
Separately to say about the design of the rear axle car. It was designed specifically for the M-72 and mounted only on the specified machine. The rear axle had polurazgruzhennye half that relied on single-row ball bearings. Removable hub was not, and the wheels were attached directly to the flanges axes. The same was done later on all the Volga, but the latest machines hypoid final drives. In the M-72 were the main transmission lines, like the Victory and GAZ-69. For comparison, a half-victory was discharged on 3 / 4, removable wheel hubs rotate on roller bearings single row cylindrical, while the rear axle GAZ-69 half-full type of unloaded and detachable hub mounted on twin tapered bearings roller. The front axle on M-72 design is similar to the bridge from the GAZ-69, but the track was already at 85 mm.
The front wheel is driven by constant velocity joints such as Bendix, proven more on the military Willys. Steering linkage in general repeated trapezoid GAZ-69. Just as the GAZ-69, M-72 machine had a central transmission parking brake on the jeep and bus were taken to the lugs, the dimension of 6.50 × 16.

Body of new equipment-wheel drive vehicle was the same as that of the M-20: The soft upholstery, heater, clock, dual-band (long and medium wave) radio. To control the wheel drive transmission, new levers. Under the combination of instruments enhanced by the driver plate with a reminder - it is the control circuit range-table maximum speeds in each gear. Given the need to work on the muddy roads, M-72 for the first time in the USSR was used windscreen washer - mechanical nasosik, who was naked from the press at a special pedal.
As a final touch, the radiator grille with the emblem set label M72-like logo and decorated the hood of the car. "Victory", by the way, this car is never called.

Road tests of the prototype M-72 showed its high permeability and driving performance. The car was moving steadily through the dirty rough roads, on the sand, plowing, snow-covered terrain, take rises to 30 degrees. Due to the streamlined body at highway speed reached 100 km / h and fuel consumption was less than the GAZ-69. By February 1955 the prototype was more than 40 thousand kilometers, which revealed some weaknesses and to address deficiencies. In May, the car experienced in the mountains of the Crimea, and in June began the mass production of M-72 on GAZ.
M-72 became the world's first all-wheel drive passenger car with frameless (carrier) in the body and vyluschena years 1955-1957 in the amount of 4677 copies.

M-72 was well received by rural drivers and forced to take a fresh look at the idea of ​​a jeep. M-72 appeared in places never before visited any car: in the mountain passes, in the forest, crossed dangerous fords, and the like. The small issues are not allowed GAZ M-72 to become widely known, comparable to the GAZ-69, however, estimating the M-72 on a global scale, we can say that for the time of release, he was at the level of international counterparts, and in many respects ahead of their .

GAZ 71

Riding in the snow and swamp floating crawler transporter with a gasoline engine, produced in 1967 was intended to transport people and goods in off-road, in the virgin and the northern areas, as well as to serve the various expeditions.
At present, removed from production.

Type of conveyor - Crawler
Weight of the conveyor in operation (with the dressing tool and accessories, without cargo, extra gasoline tank and the driver), kg - 3750 ± 2,5%

Number of seats:
in the cockpit - 2
on the platform - 10

Payload Platform (no passengers), kg - 1000

Overall dimensions, mm:
Length - 5365
width - 2582
height - 1740

Gauge (distance between the centers of caterpillars), mm - 2180
Base (distance between centers of extreme skating rinks), mm - 3630
Ground clearance, mm - 380
Height to center leading gear, mm - 620
The height from the axis of the towing device, mm - 620
Loading height in mm - 1130
Maximum speed, km / h - 50
Maximum speed on the water, km / h - 5-6

Engine
Type - Gasoline four-cycle carburetor
Number of cylinders - 8
Location of cylinders - V-shaped
Cylinder diameter, mm - 92
Stroke, mm - 80
Swept volume, n - 4.25
Compression ratio - 6.7
Maximum power (at 3200 r / min), kw - 84.6 (115 hp)
The highest torque (at 2000-2500 r / min), kGom - 29

Power transmission
Clutch - single-disc dry.
Transmission - mechanical, with four forward gears and one back, with synchromesh on the third and fourth gears.
Transfer Case - Two-shaft has two programs - lowering and raising (ratio 1.091: 1 and 0.7692: 1).
Driveline - Outdoor beztrubchaty gimbal on needle bearings.
Main channel - A pair of bevel gears with helical teeth, mounted in an aluminum casing (ratio 1.9: 1).
Friction clutches - Multi-disc dry with steel discs (CDs top 10, led by 9, compression springs 14). Disc, turn off slips with the cam ring.
Brakes - Belt type with hardened steel tape on a copper-asbestos cloth (width 120 mm, outer diameter of the drum 294 mm).
Final Drives - Single with cylindrical gears (ratio 4.22 final drive: 1.) The couplings and half-board transmission connected to the main transmission axes having gear couplings on the ends.
Propulsion & Suspension
Suspension of rollers and sloths - The Independent, torsion. Torsion bars left and right rollers are located on one axis and placed in a tube extending from bead to bead. The number of rollers 12 (6 on each side), 2 of them back function as sloths.
Torsion bars - Slotted Cylinder heads on the ends.
Dampers - Hydraulic, telescopic double-acting, front-mounted track rollers and idlers.
Road wheels - outer diameter of 700 mm, rim width of 85 mm.
Carrying idlers (rear roller) - Interchangeable with road wheels.
Track circuits - Melkozvenchatye (each chain consists of 83 links connected by steel fingers with a diameter 15.5 mm).
The drive wheels (sprockets) - Dual, mesh lantern, located in front of the case (number of teeth 12).
Snow tracks - Removable, mounted on a bracket between the first roller and an asterisk.
Housing, cabin, platform
Housing - Suspension, metal, welded.
Cab - metal, double, with two external doors and two hatches in the roof.
Platform - The metal is made integral with the body.
The towing device - Two hooks at the front and a towing device two-way behind.
Mechanisms of control
Turning control of the conveyor - Turn off the steering clutches and brake the driving wheels (carried out by two levers).
Retarder - Latches on control levers, locking levers in the braking position.
Switching gears - the rocker arm.
Switching the transfer case - the rocker arm.
Office of the clutch - pedal with a hydraulic drive (located under the driver's left foot).
Electric equipment
Rated voltage, V - 12.
Wiring system - Single-wire, negative pole is connected to the "mass".
Generator - DC-DC type G130-E1 (shielded, Shunt, 28 A).
Relay-regulator - Type DS-129.
Battery - Type 6-CT-68-EMR.
Ignition Coil - Type B5-A with an additional resistance, automatically turned off when starting the engine starter.
The ignition distributor - Type P105 with centrifugal and vacuum controls ignition timing and octane-corrector.
Starter - Type ST130-B remote switching.
Acoustic signal - Type C-300 Vibrating.
Wiper - electric with two brushes.
Petrol tank, l
The main petrol tanks (three) - 232.5
Spare tank (a) - 77.5
Cooling system (with the boiler heater) - 30
Crankcase - 9.5
Oil tank air filter - 0.55
Carter, Transmission - 3
Carter, the transfer case - 1.2
Carter, the main transmission - 3
Carters final drives (two) - 1.3 each
Hub rollers - 0.16 each
Hub rollers sloths - 0.25 each
Additional tank for oil - 7
Shock absorbers (four) - 0.375 each
Carter fan drive gearbox - 0.11
Hydraulic clutch actuator - 0.45 m
Drinking tank - 2

GAZ 68

Wheel self-propelled gun PCB-76 (GAZ-68)

In the summer of 1943 at the Gorky Automobile Plant started preparations for mass production of self-propelled guns SU-76M. Track self-propelled gun had a good cross in off-road, but had a little speed on the highway. And since the Red Army was advancing, the designers of the plant the idea to create more and wheeled self-propelled guns to use as a mobile means of fire support of infantry, reconnaissance for an active and maneuverable as a tank destroyer.

Focusing on the prototypes 1940-41 period the truck GAZ-63, October 19, 1943, VA Grachev started the layout of "plant products 63-SU" after the designation of GAZ-68. Together with the designers worked IV Gavalov, AL Ivanov, BD Kirsanov, IG Szymanowski, and others. By the end of 1943 was made a wooden model, which convinced some skeptics of the reality of the project, February 7, 1944 approved the draft GBTU Red Army. By the spring, without waiting for completion of the design cycle, finished drawings had been sent to the shops, and May 4, 1944 the first copy of wheeled self-propelled guns taken out of the GAZ factory gates.

Low, open-topped mass of 1140 kg bronekorpus was made of rolled armor plate thicknesses 4, 7 and 16 mm, so that the front part of the body armor formed a box with a jack for attaching the tip of the gun ZIS-3. The thickness of the armor gun shield was 12 mm. Armored plates with rational angles (developed by N. Sorochkin and AN Kirillov) protect the crew from small arms fire, the front armor withstand falling debris and heavy armor-piercing bullets. Inside bronekorpusa as low as possible - to ensure stability in the shooting - was located 76.2 mm divisional gun ZIS-3 - line-height of the fire was 0.7 m lower than the SU-76M. Horizontal angle of fire weapon was 37 °, the angle of elevation ranged from -3 to +15 °. When shooting panorama used Hertz. Rate of guns reached 8 rds / min. In the ammunition consisted of 54 shots from armor-piercing and high-explosive shells. The initial velocity armor-piercing projectile was 662 m / s, high-explosive - 680 m / sec. In addition, in the fighting compartment installed stacked two 7.62mm machine pistol with ammunition PCA 852 rounds. Right of the gun was the driver's seat, watching the situation from the front and side viewing bulletproof devices. On the other side of the gun was commander-gunner in front of him in a particular niche radio station established 12-RT. For charging back hinged seat there.

In the stern self-propelled guns placed at 276 mm offset from the axis of the machine to the right four-cylinder petrol engine GAZ-202 (version tank car engine GAZ-11 with enhanced cooling system and oil cooler) with a capacity of 85 hp (63 kW) at 3600 rev / min. To the left of the engine, in isolated compartments, located 140-liter fuel tank and bulk ammunition.

The structure consisted of a manual transmission: Chief dry friction clutch, gearbox with four forward gears and one reverse gear, transfer case with demultiplicator three driveshafts and two differential. Transfer case and transmission shafts placed in a special tunnel, located along the axis of the body. The original design of self-propelled installation was that the lead was always the front axle. This greatly increases the stability of self-propelled motion at all speeds with the rear axle off, as the rear wheels in this case were less loaded with forces in the horizontal plane of the road, increasing their ability to keep the car from skidding.
Wheel self-propelled gun PCB-76
Cushioning system included four car semi-elliptic leaf springs and hydraulic shock absorbers four piston type. In the running of the machine used in bullet-proof (gusmatik) lean-large diameter tires with advanced tread.
Electric cars have been performed on a single-circuit. The voltage onboard network was 6 V. The sources of electricity used two batteries FTA-112.
Wheel self-propelled gun PCB-76
When combat weight 5340 kg GAZ-68 developed at highway speed 77 km / h. At the factory tests in the summer of 1944 self-propelled climbing to 30 °, fords depth of 0.9 m and half-meter wall, confidently held in the pits, gullies and loose soil. The new wheel was twice ACS lighter Su-76M and at the same firepower had better mobility and quiet running. However, when in November 1944 resulted in trials of this machine, which received the designation Army SPC-76 (wheel self-propelled gun), the urgent need for it by the army was gone, the war was unnecessarily and reset the end of production to the production of PCB-76 was it's too late.

GAZ-66 - Russian military car

The first prototypes of the GAZ-66 was created in 1962 as a further development of the 1.2-ton truck GAZ-62 is produced in 1958-1962. and the successor of the 2-ton truck GAZ-63, issued in the 1948-1968 years. Serial production of the GAZ-66 deployed from July 1964. In 1968, the truck was centralized tire pressure regulation (66-01 and modification). In 1966 he won a gold medal at the exhibition "Modern agricultural technology" in Moscow. In 1967 he won a gold medal at the International Fair of Agricultural Technology in Leipzig. In April 1969 the GAZ-66 was the first Soviet car received State Quality Mark. GAZ-66 was exported to all countries of the socialist camp.

GAZ-66, in addition to agricultural use, accepted by the Soviet army after the collapse of the Soviet Union a large number of GAZ-66 was used in the Russian Army, mostly in the air landing troops.

In 1995, mass production of the GAZ-66-11 with modifications has been discontinued. Instead, GAZ has mastered the production model GAZ-3308 "Sadko." The last instance of the GAZ-66-40 rolled out July 1, 1999. Were produced 965 941 vehicles GAZ-66 family.
His legendary cross-country car must self-locking differential and a special design wheels

GAZ-66 is a cross-country truck capacity of 2 tons, intended for traffic in difficult road conditions and terrain. Legendary cross-country due to the use of self-locking differentials, high ground clearance and adjustable pressure to the wheels (which wheels have a special design). An important feature of the design is fully floating axle shafts. Motor vehicle equipped with restarting preheater PZHB-12.

An important feature of this car - a balanced center of gravity and compactness at the expense of the cab over the engine, so the car has been widely used in landing troops, as the lands immediately to the all-wheel drive and down without obstruction cabin (as opposed to the ZIL-131) [source not specified 388 days]. However, the limited amount of residential cabin was deadly for the crew in case of landmine, so GAZ-66, since 1980 was taken out of the combat units in Afghanistan. In the 90 GAZ-66 is deducted from the mass combat units, and later replaced it with bonnet truck GAZ-3308 "Sadko" with the same chassis, but the greater length.

GAZ-66 is characterized by an extraordinary arrangement of controls, in particular, the gears change gears located on the right-rear of the driver.

GAZ-66 (the slang name "shishiga", "shesherik", "shisharik," "hashish" and "ball") - a Soviet truck with wheel 4 × 4, 2.0 ton capacity and the cab over the engine. The most massive four-wheel-axle truck and the Soviet Army in the Soviet economy, and Russia in the 1960s and 90s.

Absolutely ridiculous device. All available resources in the job (weight, strength, size) were aimed at solving the main task - to ensure high cross on the shit. As a result, the machine completely unusable for any beneficial use (lucky few, the size of the loading platform / Kung little more than a gazelle, guzzles petrol its 8-cylinder engine as a hungry elephant, a monstrous dead weight and enchanting "convenience" control knob gearshift sticking out right in the ass to the driver, and so it sits almost directly on the motor), but as rushing, rushing like it! The huge wheels lock, swap ... even now, after almost 50 years after the beginning of production, and 10 after removal from production. Where is not something that's field, but also quite serious zhipy sink up to their ears - a bump free ride in circles and pulls all of its regular mechanical winch.



Shockingly, is not it? also not available in pink.
no, even the most stout factory jeep and some do not is lying on the cross.
ponizhayka, limited slip differential on all possible places, Stock winch motor-driven, native control system tire pressure. swamp? Track? arable land? River? buldygany? bushes? logs? yes do not care. broke something? any node can be fixed with a hammer one and such a mother, or just get to the base without it.

GAZ 69

The new Soviet car was born painfully long time - back in March 1949 in the test run went almost ready to sample, and the start of assembly-line production had to wait until 25 August 1953. Particularly long time, these seem to be in comparison to the way in just a few months launched a series of first national off-road vehicles GAZ-64 GAZ-67 and GAZ-67B. Time, however, was spirited ... The other was the machine itself. Unlike GAZ-69 from its predecessors was truly overwhelming. Of comfort "sixty nine" approaching passenger cars of its time. Metal doors, cabin heater, windshield wipers with electric drive, synchromesh gear box ... Was more deliberate and layout of controls, and indeed the interior was spacious.

Gunners on the mandate

In general, it must be admitted that the vehicle has received GAZ69 index, was very successful. No accident that the report on the state tests conducted in 1951, virtually no complaints. Moreover, immediately after the completion of the test head fotokinolaboratorii NIII21 in Bronnitsy LI Burdahina was summoned to the First Division and assigned a secret mission: to show movie clips about the new ... Stalin. So, in charge of cinema apparatus bulb burns out. And not just burned, and did so with a loud bang. There is confusion. Members of the Politburo in turn became vilified "shoemaker." But Stalin remained unfazed. On his return to Burdahina Bronnitsy a fellow cameraman stupid quipped: "What, you did not shoot?".

Now let's unwind imaginary film back a bit and tell you how to create this wonderful car ... It all started with the fact that military service experience of American Humvees and our "goats" revealed a number of disadvantages of both types of machines. In the first place they were not roomy and GAZ-67B - and still madly uneconomical. And then, the Gorky plant is about preparing to stop production of prewar models, which have unified its cars and ATVs. And it meant the complete hopelessness of further production of the latter.

And April 21, 1947 issued a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers № 1118-325 and followed him - the order of the Ministry of automobile and tractor industry number 34, requiring the Gorky Automobile Plant to create a modern replacement of obsolete cross-country vehicles. June 30 primary customer - the Main Artillery Administration - issued a tactical and technical requirements for the car. The military, he was held under the letter ATR-A ("The artillery tractor wheel light"), and factory workers gave the machine code of GAZ-69. And, if to be completely accurate, the correct designation - GAZ-69-76. The second number refers to the body (such a system in Gorky took over the company Ford).

Incidentally, the film frames, which showed the Leader (a portion of it represented the beginning of the article), clearly shows that on the sidewall of the hood stamped the word "laborer." So, the son of Chief Designer Andrei Aleksandrovich Liphart GAZ, Sergei, at the time, recalled what his father called the GAZ-69 "worker" (to distinguish this word can be even on machines that have passed state tests). Outwardly, "sixty nine" looked a miniature truck GAZ-63 and GAZ62, and they have stamped on the side of "Plant named Molotov." As for the name of the "Worker", then for some reason it was not approved. And in a series of all-terrain vehicle went to the characteristic "bald" in the sidewalls. The lead designer of GAZ-69 was a pupil of the famous "four-wheel drive," the engineer Vitaly A. Grachev - Gregory Moiseevich Wasserman. It was Wasserman led the lion's share of work on the GAZ-67B. Yes, and the first sketches of "sixty-ninth", according to eyewitnesses, Gregory Moiseevich did back in 1944.

First there was the "Victory"

The principal difference between the GAZ-67B and GAZ-69 was in use at the last no slow-torque motors from the truck GAZ-MM, a motor mounted under the hood "Victory." That is a passenger motor with a relatively small torque. The choice of the power plant required to extend the power range three-stage gearbox to the values ​​of 6.2 - 7.5 (this was done using two-stage demultiplicator in the transfer case). And "razdatku" intentionally met "pererazmerennoy" because engineers had in mind the possibility of installing the PTO (for example, to drive the screw intelligence on amphibious GAZ-69). To increase the useful capacity of the vehicle up to eight people (or 650 kg of cargo), the power unit shifted forward. In the summer of 1945 was more or less clear how the car will look like. That's why on June 19 at the Kremlin on the show GAZ M-20 "Pobeda" GAZ-51 and the chief designer of AA Lipgart, the answer to Stalin that the production is being prepared and tractor.

General layout of the car drew engineer FA Lependin, the body was designed under the leadership of BN Pankratova, a large amount of work done on the transmission, VS Solovyov (the future chief designer of AvtoVAZ), BA Dekhtyar and SG Zislin. As far as light and strong frame spars with a closed cross section, then for her design posted VF Filyukov.

Technically, the new car did their best "link" with the "Victory." In addition to the 50-strong motor on it were taken gearbox (with modified gear ratios), rudder mechanism, universal joints, wheel brakes with hydraulic shock absorbers and the rear lever. Drive axles "borrowed" from the GAZ-67. It was an improved design with tapered bearings in the hubs, fully floating axle shafts and splines instead of the cone soshponkoy (on GAZ-67 bridges are not yet implemented). Wheels, "shod" in Yaroslavl tire plant YA13. And they were clearly inadequate for off-road size 6.5 - 16. Prototypes of a GAZ-69 received a disc parking brake on a GAZ-51. The final version of the same it will replace the drum.

Factory testing

The first sample of the experimental series (E-I) was prepared by October 1947. Outwardly, he seems to be reminiscent of serial GAZ-69, but something in his proportions were not. A different grille, and fenders, too. Yes, and windshield more. By February 1948, released two more samples, respectively, E and E-II-III. By the end of the year and still D-IV. Factory testing of the samples led the engineer, AF Romachev. All the machines were of 12 500 km, carrying on a hook specially designed for them uniaxial trailer GAZ-704 payload 0.5 tons a legend that the trailer is set up as a blind, not to carry on public roads, 82-mm mortar and 45 - mm gun, a tractor which GAZ-69 was to serve. Well, the trailer is loaded at a rate of gun pretty well replace it.

Factory testing of prototypes GAZ-69 completed by June 1948. It was obvious that a very promising machine is born. The report on factory tests indicated following. The car had a curb weight of 1470 kg, total - 2110 kg. He had a high traction properties: 69.9% of the total weight of the trailer without and 50.7% - with a trailer. Donated dynamics: the maximum speed was only 75 km / h. Further traction reduced the extent possible terms of reference (1350 kgf on the ground). The rate for this increase. The car climbed up the hillside with a slope of 34 ° (with trailer - 23 °) and down to 30-degree slope, followed by a heavy layer of dirt road with up to 0.25 m (with chains - 0.3 m) and took the fords depth to 0 , 7 m, moving confidently in the fresh snow depth of 0.4 m and compacted to the spring to 0.3 m. These and other equally wonderful qualities of the new rover had a chance to demonstrate at the famous run of trucks GAZ63 and ZIS-151, which took place in spring 1949 year.

Letters to the photographer

We have heard wonderful letter factory photographer Nicholas Dobrovolsky, who, in fact, chronicled this path. In addition to the "credit" GAZ-63 and ZiSov it were three, as they are called by Dobrowolski, "Bobby" - forwarding Passenger ATVs GAZ67B and GAZ-69. He writes beautifully and emotionally: "... I'm dreaming of dirt. Dirt - it's my element, I love her to shoot, especially on a sunny day. " Next, Dobrowolski said the cars were from Krasnodar to Rostov welcome black grader and country roads. At the same cars ZIS-151 photographer to as "irons" are not named. It's obvious that this class ride on the road showed the GAZ-63 and above ... "Bobby." With their help Dobrowolski always had time to go to the head of the column in time to pick a winning angle to shoot. But this run is not over, and next spring GAZ-69 was sent to the already quite formal comparative tests with the GAZ-67B. And the results: fuel on the highway decreased from 13.9 to 10.9 liters per 100 km (with trailer - 12.1 liters). And this despite the fact that "sixty nine" had a large mass. However, on the roads, "old soldiers" took his own. But the military needed a sufficiently versatile machine, not the front edge of the carrier!

School Liphart

Meanwhile, work continued on the machine (luckily no one from the top designers in particular are not pressed). I must say it was very difficult, nervous for the whole team конструкторскоэкспериментального of time. Full swing political campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans." Meanwhile, the Gorky plant has historically been a "melting frame," where (by the way, as in Ford) worked people of many nationalities. And often, "Republican" Spaniards, Volga Germans, the Jews and the British (for sure we are aware of only one) behaved much more intelligent native naseleniya.Shtat scratch card was not great, but the amount of work (cars, trucks, buses, special) - is enormous. In such circumstances, of course, not without mistakes and omissions. So if you want to find the culprit was not a problem.

For example, in 1948 due to poor quality of the car "victory" of its production was halted. Suspended with further draw conclusions ... And what is most unpleasant, any criticism of the situation in the light line of the party took on an inevitable "cosmopolitan" in color.

Moreover, among the officers found a scratch card for someone famili Kreschuk, who wrote a letter to Beria. In this letter it was stated that the factory management in every way an obstacle to work on amphibian with an index of the GAZ-011 (created based on GAZ-67B). And although we have deliberately excluded from this material about creating gazovskih amphibians and numerous modifications based on GAZ-69 (this is a separate, full of dramatic turns of thread), do not touch that by design or stupidity Kreschuk've done, you can not. So, it is unclear whether the letter got to work on sabotaging military equipment directly to Beria, but the effects it has had a. Moreover, none of the savvy and did not want to hear arguments about what a team is working on a scratch card more modern amphibious units at GAZ-69. As a result, the factory fired (still good, do not put) a few engineers, starting with the chief designer Liphart. Thus was destroyed the foundation of what today is called the "design school Liphart."

The final touches

But back to the GAZ-69 ... In preparation for series production car seriously improved. Motor Power E-V model was adjusted to 55 hp acceptable, and torque - up to 12.7 kgm. The engine oil cooler and there shestilopastny fan, eliminating the possibility of overheating. Were selected in the optimal gear ratios in the transmission, and "pobedovskaya" gearbox replaced entirely synchronized junction of GAZ12 ZIM. Obsolete drive axles replaced the flange with a floating axle shafts. At the same time kept a pair of bevel final drive of the "Victory" (5,125:1). VS Designer Soloviev designed housings main gears of the "Split" increased rigidity. They are intended to apply in a modified "Victory", but it is not moved. The improved sample GAZ-69 was also used dvuhsatellitnaya closed-end box differ from the GAZ-12 and the steering gear from him. In addition, increased frame and set uniform control devices.

Appearance of a GAZ-69 has also undergone some changes, and as a result of cross-country vehicle has exactly the form that is familiar to us. Moreover, in May 1951, Gorky was built four-door version of GAZ-69A with a five-seater body model 77 (also known as GAZ-69-77). Advanced Settings "sixty-ninth" is also changed. At 60 kg increased weight, increased by 30 mm length, 35 mm - width and 60 mm - height. Maximum speed was acceptable now 90 km / h and fuel consumption on the highway - 10.4 liters (with trailer - 11.9 liters).

But to eliminate all the shortcomings, of course, not possible. Engine "sixty ninth 'still not enough traction. Tired of fighting, the military removed the requirement of lifting capacity up to 60-65 hp as impossible. Remained unresolved and the problem with the tires: all-terrain vehicle, not only buried in the ground, but was insufficient (220 mm) ground clearance. But be that as it may, and in July - September 1951, have successfully passed the state tests four all-terrain vehicles GAZ-69.

Personnel landing

And then a "pause" ... It's hard to believe, but the mass production of a new car only started August 25, 1953! A negative role here was played not only the above story Kreschukom, but more immediate plans for the ministry. In the end, release "sixty-ninth," launched in a separate production building, which allowed far everyone (they have collected and some military equipment). But November 7 GAZ-69 participated in the no-yabrskom parade on Red Square in Moscow. All in all, until the end of 1953 was made in 1302 off-roader.

The new car proved to be extremely popular. GAZ69 needed and polar at the drifting stations SP-3 and JS4, and Cuban friend Fidel Castro of the USSR, and an Indian friend of Gandhi. I do not govoryupro police, health workers and kolkhoz chairmen. Needed to expand production. And in December 1954 Ulyanov Automobile Plant-relativistic collected the first six GAZ-69. Moreover, the government's decision there was translated not only the production of all-terrain vehicle, but also directed "cadre troops" led by PI Muzyukinym (co-sponsored four-wheel drive truck GAZ-63). During the change of "place of residence" the car has not changed, but the only difference between Ulyanovsk GAZ-69 was the appearance on the hood of all-terrain vehicle UAZ vyshtampovki.

P.S. During the production of GAZ-69 was constantly improved. Thus, in the 60s became the all-terrain vehicle equipped with front axle disconnect couplings wheels, bearings and differential reinforced with four satellites instead dvuh.Modifitsirovannye versions were designated 69M and 69AM. Overall, the efforts of the two plants were produced 634 285 vehicles GAZ-69 of all modifications. UAZ has built 356 624 GAZ-69, 230 185 GAZ-69A and 10 551 UAZ-69M and UAZ-69AM. Production of the legendary all-terrain vehicle was discontinued in 1973. They were replaced by a machine with an index of 469 ...

GAZ 3110 Volga

The history of GAZ 3110 Volga. From the atmosphere to the turbo.
I think for the beginning of the history of tuning the Volga can accept the fact that the factory it came with a rare motor Zavolzhsky Engine Plant (JSC ZMZ), a designation which was ZMZ 40620F, whereas conventional motors were marked ZMZ 40620D. The story about bukovki F and G is rather complicated, some people are foaming at the mouth prove that this is only a symbol set (eg F - without WTP), others suggest that F - is the brand of CMS ZMZ (small shop build - build quality and components themselves markedly conveyor above), the plant itself intelligible can not answer. But the fact is a fact that F always gave a little engine power greater than D engine and do not notice and argue with it was useless. However, F motors have a fairly common and severe sore - this ellipse cylinder, resulting in 100% of the cases to increased oil consumption during engine operation at speeds above 4000 r / min.

For reference, the engine ZMZ 4062 is a 16 valve engine with 2 camshafts, volume 2281 cm3, the microprocessor system having the injection and ignition, permitting 180-200 nm of torque at 4000-4500 rev / min and 130-147 hp power at 5200-5500 r / min (a large scatter of the parameters determined by the quality of manufacturing the engine at the factory).

As expected, it still was not enough. In those years, 2003 about began to propagate the so-called "chip tuning", or as people call "chipovka," "flashing". So, on the Volga to do chip tuning was nowhere, but the WHA - time and again in Moscow. And then a clever idea crept into my head - why not do yourself! At that time, the ECU was Mikasa 1.5.4 firmware which was placed in a ROM chip 27S512. Finally - I found a programmer and IC DIP28 bought for little money hacked version of the editor calibrations Ship Tuning Pro (forgive me avtorJ), as firmware ready for my control unit, even commercial, major changes in the dynamics of the car did not make. And that's when it started and I have to configure the machine theme. I kept constantly pierced chip firmware with the new calibration, trying to find the optimal. One time I was lucky and able to assume the firmware with a Cross of the Volga, the firmware there was little change in terms of algorithms, so the motor can operate without glitches at speeds above 5500 r / min. During this time I made 2 flash and consolidated them into a 2-regime-switching on the fly, a standard has been Revamped, calculated on the economy, the second - which made the engine to give maximum impact. And I even sold them a certain number of sets, and the people praised the driver and me. (Now in our day, dual-mode flash (if it is not gas / petrol) indicates only a low level tuner).

Next, the guys helped me get volgovody new elements in tuning the car, and it reinforced the front stabilizer (from the car Seagull) - through which, the Volga stopped finally lurch into the turns, as well as Short-scenes at the checkpoint, allowing reduced time shifting.

By that time, the tuning market for Volga guys did a fashion company PASSIK inlet receiver, the volume of 4 l, and at the same time they have the same car was made in order to direct flow a new exhaust system made of stainless steel. Imbued with the theory by setting up production and conducting various experiments, newfangled cavity (such as "hopper» (C) Jetsamnaz) has found its place at the level of CAT shank, that is much closer to the installation site staff (chokes) of the resonator, so that was felt resonance - a small increase traction at 6000-6500 r / min. Intake tract before the receiver was too refined, was organized by a dynamic boost of cold air, which lay in the fact that the air filter was removed, "sewer" pipe 110 mm in front of the radiator, almost straight towards the oncoming flow. This design gave a significant effect on the speed of 100 km / h markedly improved throttle response.

Now it is possible for a little money to finalize the cylinder head - that is, to begin seriously to refine the engine directly. Cylinder head being finalized in Kostroma, as in Moscow for reasonable money was to find someone - or who would undertake, it is unrealistic. In the cylinder head were ground inlet and outlet channels of the combustion chamber cylinders brought to the same size, valve springs replaced with a more rigid engine from 2108 (incidentally, Inc. ZMZ was on the requirements of this CD are the springs and place, and in fact often put what then the left, softer), the valves have been alleviated and received other facets (more on this you can read in the Articles section).

The assembled engine was operated over a new control system based on block Mikasa 7.1. However, after assembly, contrary to all appearances, the motor was good to go. And set it up using standard tools did not work. It was clear - the matter is set up, most likely "left a mixture of" yes and no longer fit to POPs at some points. And then something began to emerge JCTechnologyso their first project for the automatic adjustment of the control unit Mikasa 7. This project represented the program for the PC that is connected to the control unit via RS232 (Com Port), is itself in real time to select the optimal parameters for fuel, POPs, Basic content. First, the program has been trained to work with serial VAZ oxygen sensors (they were 2 times cheaper than for gas), and then later have a wideband LC-1 / LM-1 production Innovate Motorsport. And then after detuning the engine finally went. Design capacity of the order of 170hp (Unfortunately not so measured and the Congress) and the measured mass flow rate of air the engine was 512 kg / h at 6300 rev / min.

In the meantime, ended in 2006 and plans have been implemented long-held dream - to build a 4-throttle intake. All this and went, had already developed a design, which could be sought for reasonable money to realize it. But then ... ... ..
.... But then it so happened that the funny money was awarded two rare ST15B turbochargers Toyota engine 1JZ-GTE (rare, because most common variant of Bi-Turbo engine for smaller turbines). And the new history of building a new engine. Looking ahead to say at once, the first version of the engine was not very successful, and after a while it was significantly altered. A detailed report on the construction of the motor can be found in the Articles section. It was decided to completely redo the engine, possibly replacing the various components to more durable.

As previously mentioned, F motor oil known for good zhorom I have when using the engine up to 7500 rev / min oil flow approaching 1 liter per 300 km! The company AMS service (Zelenograd) was ordered set of forged pistons 92.5mm and below them was a ported cylinder block. Cranks got jets cool the pistons with oil (know-how of one of the Tula master) for additional cooling. The crankshaft was abandoned factory cast-iron with a diameter of 86mm crank.
Building the engine, I always consulted with the guys from McAutoTuner, and through them, ordered a steel cylinder head gasket. GBC itself has not undergone any changes, but valves were replaced with the standard, and then suddenly thin progoryatJ. In the cylinder block was organized by the selection of oil (and the hole has been for him and just stifled - probably still in the old, the plant planned to install the turbine) to lubricate the turbine and discharge it into the pan. In the oil drain plug is cut a oil temperature gauge. The selection of the coolant has been taken as of the stub block cooling jacket, and plums - the backbone of the stove to the pump.

The exhaust manifold has been borrowed from the diesel engine ZMZ 514.3, which was secured through the adapter plate turbine. But this one had the collector outlet of 38mm, which is naturally not to affect the characteristics of the motor. To cool the intake air for the intercooler 500r was purchased from Toyota Caldina, which has found its place under the sink - well over the average air inlet in the bumper.

Well, the engine was assembled, all (as has forgotten to mention) was screwed into place, the first engine start was unsuccessful. Motor wound up with half a turn, but unbearably loud banging some hydraulic lifters timing. I had to dismantle, remove and change gidriki shafts. As it turned out, in addition, the camshafts themselves poiznosilis order, so I had to buy new ones. Then I do not imagine that the motor will turn in characteristics, so it was decided to collect on the standard camshafts and watch what happens.

Question on the engine management system has remained open. How to manage? Or standard factory software, built up appropriately, or move to a system in January 5.1. For it has been developed by various authors and systems management software to configure: J5LS + PAK "Matrix" of Maxi (RPD) and SPT0005 + J5OLT from A. Miheenkova. The first set of fully usable form to configure and control turbo engine has not been sold by the author, and the second set at the time still did not know how easy it is to turbo properly. So we decided to stay in the existing system with MAF and intelligently rebuild it with our complex Mikas Online Tuner (MOLT). To properly configure the fuel was purchased by an indispensable tool for any serious tuner - a set of wideband oxygen meter SDK LM-1 from Innovate Motorsports.

After running and rebuilding the engine draw the following picture. The engine started razduvtatsya about 1500 rev / min to 2500 and was just going to set 0.65-0.7 bar pressure, which is held to redline. However, after 4500 the engine began to lose much traction. Measurements showed the filling, the maximum cycle napolenie - 1200 mg / c at 4000 r / min, the peak mass flow rate - 690 kg / h at 5000 rev / min, which roughly indicates that the capacity of the motor is within the 220-230l.s. By the way, MAF meter can only see the air flow rate to 600 kg / h, which gave some trouble, though it was quite simply bypassed.

This motor Otezdil more than 10 000 km without damage, except that the tubes several times flew overhead lines under pressure. The motor of course went well ... .. but not as much as wanted from him ....

In late 2007, it was decided to alter motor and closer to the dream of 300hp By that time, were already known to all the shortcomings of the first version of the engine and was thought to address this problem. The main objectives that were set during the construction of a new engine configuration:
- Production of a normal exhaust manifold;
- Replace injectors 358 cc / min to more productive;
- Refinement of the combustion chamber as the engine, with 8.4:1 compression ratio in the order of 0.65-0.7 bar boost pressure on gasoline began to detonate the 95m at the height of the filling is already at about 17 POPs gr.p.kv.;
- Replacement of the camshaft to the wider;
- Transfer to another management system.

By defining goals, it was decided to begin work. Since the motor was in perfect health, and walk well not like that at first were bought and made all the necessary parts, then to go through as soon as the engine.

The main objective was - to make a normal exhaust manifold, but for reasonable money to find someone who would do so in Moscow was pretty difficult. Resigned to this situation and allocating it fairly no small sum, I began to look for those who would have been higher quality, as everywhere, and about the same amount has been announced. So I found myself in DTT Motorsport, where Dmitriy Elkin (Professor RAP) and put his hand on my motor. They were custom-made ravnodlinny exhaust manifold, stainless steel, fully developed new cylinder head. This time was slightly enlarged and polished intake and exhaust ports, combustion chambers have been completely flattened, propellants were cut, window headers and cylinder head are completely aligned. There, and was acquired by front-mount intercooler from Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII.

Found new camshafts, which had a width of the phase and the rise of 10.6mm 270gr (252gr standard volgovskie were 9.0mm). The nozzles were replaced with 358cc/min more productive Siemens Deka 630cc/min, which I purchased at www.turbobazar.ru. Actually there was purchased by the pressure relief valve - blow off RS.

The entire inlet payping was made from the exhaust pipe and / m Gazelle, so had all the twists and a diameter of 60mm. Strictly speaking, all the "iron" issues have been resolved, there was only engine management system. And the solution was found.

The new control system based still on the control unit Mikasa 7.1, however the software unit has been completely redesigned. Specially commissioned JCTechnology, A. Miheenkovym (SMS-Software) was written by a new software M7Sport, in which we were able to implement new ideas and algorithms for motor control. This software, in contrast to the standard, were converted almost completely kicked the extra algorithms are simplified basic algorithms. This software works with absolute pressure sensor (MAP Sensor), the new experimental mathematical model calculates the cyclic filling the air motor and adequately responds to changes in temperature that does not require constant regulation of the mixture of DCs in either full or low loads. It should also be noted that in the control program is implemented PWM control valve regulating the boost pressure, which allows you to specify the desired boost based on the current transmission speed and position of the accelerator pedal. This software is designed to control M7SPORT not only turbo, but the usual atmospheric engines. Respectively set to configure the ECU 7 MOLT Mikasa also has been redesigned exclusively for the new software.

The exhaust system has been completely redone by Artyom (McAutoTuner). Now 63mm diameter exhaust system all over, in the middle of the straight-through resonator mounted MG-Race and at the end of the muffler flaunts firm HKS. It should be noted that the exhaust system helped reduce the "turbolaga" of speed, so that at a given pressure turbine began to appear at 400 rpm earlier.

Now I think it's time to talk about what really turned the engine. A motor turned out pretty bad. Excessive pressure is beginning to appear about 1800-1900 rev / min, for a given 0.65 - 0.7 bar goes to the 3200-3400 rev / min and decreases to near redline. At the same time the motor starts to go with 3500ob/min and has a flat thrust almost up to 6500 rev / min. Characteristic can be fairly easy to fix tuning boost controller. Measurements showed the filling - the engine has a maximum cyclic filling 1350mg / c in the range 4500-5500 rev / min, peak air flow is 930 kg / h at 6500 rev / min, which suggests that the engine power is offset by a competent within 300 hP Most interesting is that at the same boost pressure and air flow capacity, respectively, increased by almost 40%.

Now the boost pressure raised to 1.0 bar.

To keep the engine in the engine compartment and reduce the engine displacement in the engine compartment has been designed and installed an additional 4th motor support the original design. Now the engine is a dead in any mode of operation, with additional vibration and any discomfort is felt.

The configuration engine ZMZ 40620F:
- The volume of 2314 cm3
- Geometry of 92.5 x 86 mm
- 158mm crank,
- Pistons forged AMS,
- Masloforsunki cooling the piston,
- Petrol injectors Siemens Deka 630cc/min
- The turbocharger Toyota CT15b,
- Nominal pressure 0.65-7 bar (now working 1.1)
- Revision cylinder head in DTT Motorsport
- Intrekuler from EVO8,
- Ravnodlinny exhaust manifold production DTT Motorsport
- Bustkontroller inside the engine control unit
- Separator Steyr
- Engine Management System Mikas 7 Sport
- Issue 63 mm on the elements of MG-Race and HKS.

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